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For decades, state and national standardized tests have gone through what are known as a fairness or sensitivity reviews, in which each question is examined for possible offensiveness.
When publishers of textbooks and tests conduct bias and sensitivity reviews, these reviews are never released to the public; they are proprietary materials, and they belong to the company.
I saw the bias and sensitivity reviews for the VNT only because I was a member of NAGB's reading committee; having reviewed the passages, I had the right to know why bias reviewers wanted to eliminate some of them.
In this regard, sensitivity reviews are conducted to ensure that items used for CAT observe these basic standards (Educational Testing Service 2007).
Since panelists can focus their interpretations of test scores on those items which entail large DIF estimates and, thereby, those which produce large differences in groups, sensitivity reviews are then also informed by the outcomes from such analyses of DIF.
Still, this all takes a long time; on Tuesday, officials announced that they would hire 12 new sensitivity reviews to add to their current team of 26.
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On another occasion, the official furthered, a sensitivity reviewer was asked to sensitivity review a document that he had written, years ago, to a second sensitivity reviewer about a third sensitivity reviewer.
In almost every state, tests are closely scrutinized in an official process known as a bias and sensitivity review.
The bias and sensitivity review process, as it has recently evolved, is an embarrassment to the educational publishing industry.
At first glance, this judgment would seem to lie outside the scope of a bias and sensitivity review.
One hurdle is the bias and sensitivity review, in which representatives of various groups -- women, blacks, Muslims, people with disabilities, others -- critique the questions.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com