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The issue of assessing whether the causal estimand is sensitive to violations of causal assumptions concerns the sensitivity to hidden bias.
He is a preening snob, "keenly sensitive to violations of protocol," intolerant of "opinions contrary to his own," and horribly misled about the extent of his own talents.
Together, these findings suggest that beta power in L2 learners is sensitive to violations of grammatical gender agreement, but only when the importance of grammatical information is highlighted, and only when participants' subjective lexical representations are taken into account.
Our study indicates that people are sensitive to violations of traditional norms during thinking.
Eskritt et al. [23] found that young children were most clearly sensitive to violations of the Relation Maxim and, in our investigation, the bilingual advantage on the CVT shown by German-Italian bilinguals and in our comparison of English-Japanese and Slovenian-Italian bilinguals was clearest for Relation.
However, this expectation is sensitive to violations of its underlying assumptions as illustrated with the evolutionary simulations.
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The accuracy of the approximation t ˜ 2, QLE, ρ ≫ 0 (p ; p 0 ) from Equation 17b is rather sensitive to violation of the assumption ρ ≫ max, however (dotted curves deviate from other black curves in Figure 5, B and C).
Because the various sources of deviation from HWE are incorporated into the single parameter ρ, the estimation of ρ itself is more sensitive to violation of model assumptions; therefore, it is important to be careful when interpreting the estimated value of ρ, as it may reflect phenomena other than inbreeding.
Predictive mean matching (PMM) [ 19] (where missing data are imputed using the observed values with the closest predictive mean from a linear regression model) is another univariate method for imputing missing data for continuous variables, and is less sensitive to violation of the normality assumption than standard linear regression imputation.
A second study demonstrated that the posterior STS is particularly sensitive to violation of "expected intentionality" signaled by averted gaze and that this effect is absent in autistic individuals [5, 27], who are known to show impaired interpretation of the goals and intentions of others but preserved perception of gaze direction [31, 32].
Repeated measures ANOVA is very sensitive to the violations of the assumption of sphericity.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com