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A reliable and sensitive proxy for microbial activity is activity of extracellular enzymes (EEA).
The results show that chironomids are responding both to temperature and to changing lake depth, which is regarded as a sensitive proxy of regional effective moisture.
The grain size of Chinese loess has been widely regarded as a sensitive proxy for the intensity of the wind strength associated with the winter component of the East Asian monsoon.
Upper treeline ecotones within alpine and arctic ecosystems are mainly controlled by climate (e.g. Lavoie and Payette, 1994; Kullman, 1999; Grace et al., 2002), and are considered as sensitive proxy biomonitors for revealing the impact of climate variability on the distribution of high-elevation mountain forests (e.g. Camarero and Gutiérrez, 2004; Danby and Hik, 2007; Elliott, 2011).
This study establishes that sedimentary δ13CTOC values can provide a highly sensitive proxy of the spatial scale of prehistoric maize agriculture in small tropical watersheds, but emphasizes the need for a better understanding of sediment dynamics and carbon cycling in anthropogenically modified landscapes before this proxy can be widely employed in diverse archaeological settings.
Furthermore, this multi-dimensional marginalization index may be a more sensitive proxy of SES, as it encompasses several elements of social well-being, not just income or education.
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We present a novel approach for optimizing tree-ring based reconstructions in small watersheds in temperate environments, combining winter snow depth and summer drought sensitive proxies as model predictors.
Less sensitive proxies may detect only the severe outcomes, so results may not be generalizable to the whole patient population.
The application of clumped isotopes (Δ47) in carbonate minerals as a sensitive temperature proxy in paleo-environments depends on a well-constrained clumped isotope fractionation for the necessary step of phosphoric acid digestion of the carbonate mineral to produce CO2.
Clearly measures such as coral species richness and benthic substrate ratio were sensitive to proxies of pollution and herbivory while coral cover was most dependent upon natural environmental regimes.
In the Norwegian study, family income was not assessed because this was considered a sensitive matter; thus, proxy measures were used.
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