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In addition, 'true' prophage induction can only be determined using additional methods such as confirmation of the presence of prophages by performing phage sensitivity assays upon identification of a sensitive host strain, PCR or flow cytometry (Sozhamannan et al. 2006).
To isolate the sensitive host of SFV1, 2 µl aliquot of cell-free enrichment culture supernatant containing VLPs were dropped onto the Phytagel plate that contained a mixture of soft layer and cells of each isolate.
The bla genes from phage DNA were transferred by electroporation to sensitive host bacteria, which became resistant to ampicillin.
Unfortunately, as shown in other studies [42], this approach might need to identify a suitable and sensitive host strain (E. coli or others) that would support infection with these phages and subsequent transduction.
The aim of this research was to analyze how a series of natural HpSVd variants, which had adapted to various host crops, could incite disease symptoms in hop crops, and how their nucleotide sequence was affected following introduction into this sensitive host species.
In contrast, DNA synthesis in sensitive host tissues is less disturbed.
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Mid -and endpoint populations were serially diluted and plated on a lawn of sensitive hosts to allow plaque formation.
It is natural to suppose that p = p z) monotonically decreases and tends to the immunity s of sensitive hosts at large z.
Here l is the immunity decay rate (x → y flow), e is the immunity acquisition rate; d is the death rate of viruses, M is the virus reproduction rate; b is the encounter rate coefficient; the growth rates of immune and sensitive hosts are equal to 1. Model (1) for a = 0 describes a situation when immune and sensitive hosts in the absence of viruses grow according to the Malthusian model.
Let x t) be the density of immune hosts with the immunity p with respect to viruses, 0 ≤ p ≤ 1; y(t) be the density of sensitive hosts with immunity s, 0 ≤ s ≤ p ≤ 1; z(t) be the density of viruses.
This arrangement of modular elements allows the cloning and subsequent markerless insertion of expression cargoes and leaves behind an antibiotic-sensitive host upon the action of the yeast Flp recombinase.
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