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PAF induces plasma membrane hyperpolarization in sensitive fungi.
Our study further underline that this mechanistic function of the antifungal protein PAF is common in sensitive fungi.
Intracellular ROS and apoptotic markers are indeed increased in PAF-treated sensitive fungi (Leiter et al., 2005).
A similar uptake mechanism and staining pattern in sensitive fungi was shown for the AFP relative AFPNN5353 (Binder et al., 2011).
This study underlines the conclusion that the perturbation of the Ca2+ homeostasis by antifungal proteins like PAF is a conserved mechanism common to sensitive fungi.
Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC11296 and Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC13048 were the most sensitive bacteria while the most sensitive fungi were Candida parapsilosis and Cryptococcus neoformans IP 90526.
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Since the correct localization of actin filaments is essential for polarized growth, the random distribution of actin as a consequence of NFAP treatment results in disturbed apical growth which leads to the previously well-described hyperbranching, swollen hyphal tips and destructed cell wall of the sensitive fungus in the presence of NFAP (Kovács et al., 2011; Galgóczy et al., 2013) (Fig. S3).
Chloroform, aether and ethyl acetate extracts of puffball demonstrated very close activities against all microorganism, all microorganism showed resistance for three extracts MIC ≥500 μg/ml), while T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes were also sensitive fungus to the n-butanol extract (MIC = 62.5 and 31.2 μg/ml) and aqueous extract (MIC = 31.2 μg/ml).
C. neoformans was the most sensitive fungus to dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol (MICs = 78 μg/ml), crude extract, and hexane (MICs = 156 μg/ml).
Histoplasma capsulatum is a thermally sensitive fungus that switches from a virulent mycelium to pathogenic yeasts at 37° (Maresca and Kobayashi 1989).
On average the most sensitive fungus to these extracts was A. fumigatus MIC (0.21 and 0.45 mg/mL after 12 and 24 h), followed by C. neoformans (0.26 and 0.41 mg/mL) and by C. albicans (0.35 and 0.48 mg/mL).
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