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In this study, we took the first step to understand how ants' brains sense the odor world by looking at their antennae.
In this sense, the odor learned during conditioning would not only trigger an appetitive response (such as the extension of the proboscis), but would also promote rewarding properties inducing persistent appetitive arousal.
The authors identified AWC and AWA as primary sensors of this odorant, and ASE and AWB as secondary sensory neurons that are recruited by the primary sensory neurons but do not sense the odor independently.
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These eight lines were not significantly different from controls in 30-min aversive memory, although two exhibited a trend towards decreased 30-min memory; the ability to form memories at 30 min establishes that flies of these genotypes can sense the odors and learn to associate them with ethanol.
Asked if the technique might help to trace the whole nervous pathway from sensing the odor to flying away, Dr. Greenspan replied, "It would be a miracle at this point because the notion of where this process produces a motor output is as undefined as it could be," meaning that the neural circuits that drive the fly's motion are still unknown.
AWCON senses the odor butanone and can promote either attractive or repulsive behaviors (32).
The risk that the cattle sensed was the odor of carrion rather than that of carnivores.
The infants clearly sensed the AG odor, as they engaged significant oro-cephalic activation to it as compared to both odorless controls (i.e., against the pre-stimulus baseline and the blank water stimulus).
A specific obp can play multiple roles in sensing different types of complex odors, since the odor sensing is dependent on several obps that are part of a specific odor code [ 33].
In the final chapter, he discusses how to measure the dimensionality of perceptual odor space, making an argument that the large number of odorant receptors might exist in order to sense the large number of different odor molecules, rather than to discriminate each one of them from each other.
One unproven theory, based on anecdotal evidence, is that, simply, the I.S.S. is smelly: the odor dampens astronauts' sense of smell, which then affects their taste buds.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com