These findings suggest that the structural and semantic stages are dissociable and that the categorization of artefacts, as opposed to the categorization of natural objects, is based, in part, on action knowledge mediated by the left premotor cortex.
The late co-occurrence of M1 activation, together with the absence of relationship between this activation and the linguistic performance (RTs and accuracy), critically contribute to this conclusion, against the view that the phenomenon of language-induced motor activity automatically occurs during the lexical and semantic stages of word recognition, and is causal to them.
The findings indicated that boys with ADHD exhibit an early perceptual deficit in selection of visual stimuli on the basis of color (red versus blue) as well as in later semantic stages of visual selective attention [ 7].
Note, however, that we only predict the occurrence of systematic N400 and LPC effects related to decade-consistency (if this effect originates at a lexico-semantic stage of processing), but not their specific direction.
The delays between stimulus onset and magnetic stimulation were consistent with electrophysiological studies, suggesting that word recognition can be differentiated into early (within 200 ms) and late (within 400 ms) lexical-semantic stages, and post-conceptual stages.
Finally, if consistency effects at least partly stem from central lexico-semantic' stages of representation, we expect significant differences between consistent and inconsistent trials in specific ERP components (N400 and LPC).
This "surface congruity" detected by the lexical semantic analysis stage may actually serve the purpose of temporarily foiling or tricking the system and may be essential to joke processing, particularly as it pertains to puns.
It is possible that the sequence of a temporary semantic illusion stage followed by detection of "deep incongruity" constitutes the "twist" whose detection and successful reinterpretation (or "frame shifting"; Coulson, 2001) actually renders the sense of amusement.
After one more semester of input, learners transitioned once more to a lexico-semantic processing stage (e.g., left inferior frontal gyrus) at which language control mechanisms (e.g., left caudate, cingulate gyrus) were activated.
Our finding that order of acquisition is less relevant than proficiency in determining the amount of right hemisphere and posterior activity during early encoding and especially late semantic processing stages is important because it shows that models such as Kroll and colleagues' RHM [12] must include mechanisms to account for changes in language dominance.
In line with these authors, we assume that if the consistency effect – similar to the relatedness effect – has its origin at lexico-semantic processing stages, we should find significant differences in EEG components known to reflect this stages of processing, i.e. the N400 and the LPC.
