Moreover, all individuals in Sweden with earnings are covered by the same public sickness insurance (which covers the employed, the self-employed, job seekers, students, individuals on parental leave, etc).
In addition, it has found that the major cause of youth not to engage in self-employed job is related to capital financing.
Fewer hours and more low-paying self-employed jobs suggest that incomes are down.
Official figures for 2013 show 302,000 self-employed jobs were created in the UK economy compared to 337,000 permanent jobs.
Median earnings from self-employed jobs fell in real terms from £14,535 in 2008 to £10,800 in 2014, almost twice the drop suffered by employees.
Dhaval Joshi of BCA Research points out that in Britain a net 360,000 self-employed jobs have been created in the first four years of recovery, around 40% of the total increase in employment.
Seven out of every 10 of the state's 3.4 million residents eke out a living in the informal economy, in precarious self-employed jobs that don't provide benefits.
So she'll settle for office management, and failing that, for almost anything: her sister, back in Romania to have her baby after a bad experience with the NHS, paid a recruiter back in 2007, went on a course, and got one of those "self-employed" jobs in a restaurant in Yorkshire.
But the economy's reliance on self-employed jobs has increased concerns about a growing "precariat" of workers in uncertain employment with few rights, as power has shifted from labour to employers following the worst recession since the great depression of the 1930s.
Worldwide over a half of workers are self-employed, but a significant fraction of these self-employed jobs are of low productivity subsistence entrepreneurs.
The economy kept growing, but median earners did not feel the benefit… in Britain a net 360,000 self-employed jobs have been created in the first four years of recovery… The self-employed work longer but their median hourly earnings are less than half those of employees.
