This method is not subject to potential biases related to patient self reporting such as desirability and recall bias, 24 although inaccuracies can occur from pill dumping or unreported pill losses.
It avoids problems associated with self-report such as common-method variance which could lead to spurious relationships with self-reported health outcome measures (Wood et al., 2012).
There are also a number of limitations related to offender self-report, such as the possibility that offenders will lie or minimize what they have done for the very reason of avoiding detection or a longer sentence especially when they have never been convicted.
In some reports, cravings specifically for cocaine have been rated higher than nonspecific self-reports such as "rush", "high", or "excited" [50] [53], but not in all cases [54].
Consequently, common problems related to self-report such as recall bias, justification bias, and attrition will be avoided for our primary outcomes.
Other measures on eating and feeding problems often involve parent- rather than self-report, such as the validated Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ; [ 41] ).
The prevalence rates of the final DSM-5 [ 13] NSSID criteria need to be further verified in both clinical and community groups of adolescents by other methods than self-report, such as diagnostic interviews, to further assess reliability and validity of a potential NSSID diagnosis.
Studies of parents' behaviour after a child's potentially traumatic experience via retrospective questionnaires or interviews are challenged by vulnerability to biases related to self-report, such as social desirability, recall bias, impression management, lack of self-knowledge and mental health status.
However, the other factors that might have been expected to be associated with self-report (such as education, income, ethnicity or the presence of other chronic diseases) in fact were not, so clinicians cannot rely on these factors to identify individuals who do not report having the disease.
Thirdly, although several different questions regarding alcohol consumption were included, it would be interesting to compare the monthly variations seen in this study with other techniques of data collection on alcohol consumption through self-report, such as a records in an alcohol diary, or measures of more harmful alcohol use patterns, such as problem drinking and alcohol use disorders.
