However, the cotinine validated abstinence rate was much lower: 12.7% (n=8), implying that the actual abstinence rate is severely overestimated by self-report in this study.
We have previously reported on the use of biomarkers to detect under-reported alcohol use in Uganda [ 50, 51]; however, we were unable to collect biological markers to corroborate self-report in this study.
Second, we chose to measure PA with self-reports in this study.
Gout is often defined by self-report in epidemiologic studies.
Physical activity was measured by self-report in all studies.
16 For identification of patients with chronic conditions, different approaches were used, namely, self-reports in five studies, 20 21 23 27 28 self-reports and physician diagnosis in four studies, 24263032 32 and, in other studies, a combination of physician's diagnosis and laboratory investigations, 25 and both self-reported and symptom based approaches were used.
However, recent studies have validated the reliability of self-reports in studies on fears of falling in cognitively intact and impaired older adults and on barriers to mobility after stroke.
The main health problems self-reported in the study population were (in descending order): chronic NCDs, acute diseases, other diseases, chronic communicable diseases, and injuries.
Measures of timing of solid food introduction were self-report, as in other studies in this area.
A planned subgroup analysis showed significantly larger intervention effects on self reported activity in studies where control participants received no intervention than where they received a comparator intervention.
The prevalence of self reported schizophrenia in this study was the same to that reported in a large Danish cohort study (13% vs. 13%).
