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Suppose that in a decision problem no self-ratifying option exists, or multiple self-ratifying options exist.
Assuming that Death cannot predict the coin flip's outcome, the mixed strategy is self-ratifying.
In Newcomb's problem, for instance, two-boxing is the only self-ratifying option.
In the case of Death in Damascus, causal decision theory concludes that the threatened man lacks a self-ratifying option.
A self-ratifying option emerges, however, if the man may flip a coin to make his decision.
If the first player flips his penny to settle the side to display, then his mixed strategy is self-ratifying.
The distinction between an act and a decision to perform the act grounds his definition of an option's self-ratification and his principle to make self-ratifying, or ratifiable, decisions.
"Can I Kick It?" is a docile song that opens with a self-ratifying call and response: "Can I kick it?
A common analysis of the problem classifies options as either self-ratifying or not self-ratifying.
The combination of self-ratifying strategies is a Nash equilibrium of the game.
An option is self-ratifying if and only if it maximizes expected utility given its realization.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com