Overall, proband selection from either tail provides the best balance of power, robustness, and simplicity of ascertainment for family-based association analysis.
While a hybrid geopotential model selection can be achieved through the selection from either of DEOS-CHAMP-01C, GGM02C, GGM02S, EIGEN-GRACE02S or ITG-GRACE03 in the long wavelength (to degree and order 40) and EGM96, PGM200A, EIGEN-GL04C, EIGEN-CG03C or even EGM2008 in medium to short wavelength, i.e. from degree 41 to maximum degree and order.
But again, I do not see that species selection follows from either punctuated equilibrium or the individuality of species.
Hepatitis B viral mutants can emerge in patients as a result of selection pressure from either immune response or treatment options.
High levels of variation are generated by diversifying selection that results from either selection favoring heterozygotes or from frequency-dependent selection favoring rare alleles.
It is well understood in social evolution theory that trait-group selection is not a distinct process from either selection for inclusive fitness or selection for the neighbor-modulated fitness considered here.
The lineage-specific genes Zbtb7b and Runx3 that encode ThPOK and Runx3 proteins, respectively, were not expressed in pre-selection (CD69−TCRloCD24hi) thymocytes from either B2m −/− or 4in8 mice, but were expressed in signalled CD69+ thymocytes during positive selection.
The variability in the remaining 23%% of positions could stem from either selection pressure favouring a specific substitution (positive selection), or, on the contrary, from the lack of strong selection pressure to keep the position invariable (negative selection).
Both parasite adaptation (better with "own" host, positive Z-value, Table 2) and maladaptation (better with "foreign" hosts, negative Z-value, Table 2) were observed when assayed on host lines from either selection regime (Table 2).
On cucumber, no significant effect of the selection regime or of its interaction with generation was detected for any trait but longevity for T-line, indicating that mites from either selection regimes overall performed similarly on the ancestral host in both generations (Tables 1 and 2).
