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Finally, we let S denote selection variable (1: selected, 0: not selected), which is a common effect of E and D. Adjustment for S yields a spurious association between E and D, which is called selection bias [ 21].
In bivariate DeFries Fulker analysis, probands were selected on the basis of scoring within the highest 5%% of the z-score distribution on a given measure; the measure used to select probands is the selection variable.
Increased d N /d S among conspecifics (or among closely related sequences/species) has been observed in other taxa, and a variety of hypotheses has been suggested to interpret these results under a regime of negative selection: balancing selection, variable population sizes, variable mutation rates, relaxed selective constraints and/or the prevalence of slightly deleterious mutations [ 19, 20].
Probands were selected on the basis of extreme scores on one measure, the selection variable.
We searched for articles using electronic retrieval based on the keywords "variable selection", "variable screening", and "multivariable", and hand searched all articles that were not selected electronically in order not to miss any articles that may involve selection of variables.
A selection variable (i.e., optimization variable) in [13] was defined based on an antenna basis.
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Selection variables explain a complex production of ECEC choices.
In the stepwise variable selection, variables are sequentially entered into the model.
The multicommodity flow problem is a BDP with fixed binary arc selection variables.
It is divided into six steps: Context Selection, Variables selection, Hypothesis formulation, Selection of subjects, Experiment design, Instrumentation and Validity evaluation.
These analyses were conducted using the CAST subscales as selection variables, and then using the Conners ADHD subscales as selection variables.
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