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These are the conditions of strong sexual selection, under which many members of the abundant sex will fail to reproduce.
The Ka/Ks ratio has been widely used to measure the intensity and mode of selection under which a CDS is evolving.
It has been shown, however, that ω is a poor indicator of the action of adaptive evolution due to the fact that signals of adaptive evolution may be swamped in the background of purifying selection under which the protein has evolved most over its evolutionary time [ 44].
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The election of a Republican president derailed the usual selection process, under which home-state senators of the president's party recommend candidates for presidential appointments as federal prosecutors and judges.
Therefore, prey embalming will only evolve under a selection regime under which its benefits outweigh these costs.
Current models to identify the selection regime under which a gene evolves rely on estimates of the rates of nonsynonymous changes to rates of synonymous changes (d N/d S) (Li et al. 1985; Nei and Gojobori 1986; Yang and Nielsen 2000).
Such an election mechanism leads to a self-selection outcome under which two winning base stations (at a given time slot) must be at least h+1 hops away from each other.
Furthermore, we propose a decision tree-based selection to obtain under which values of the decision variables we can find a set of solutions that meet a target performance.
Although we showed the evidence of balancing selection in this region, the mechanism under which balancing selection occurred at the intron 5 of LMBR1 gene is unclear.
This of course has the upshot that when the models initially fail, the scientists do not look for alternative non-adaptationist hypotheses, but instead initially look for new constraints, tradeoffs and conditions under which selection might be operating.
The latter is predicted under various models under which selection on one site also reduces Ne over an extended region of linked sites.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com