Examples such as the chaperonins [ 24] show that positive selection reaches dN/dS values well above 1 for a high selective pressure to fix amino acid substitutions in evolution.
England appeared in a constant state of revolution, the muddled nature of selection reaching its nadir when 29 players were used in the 4-0 home defeat of 1989.
Detractors of the theory of mutation accumulation argue that it is unrealistic as an explanation of senescence because hazard rates should go to infinity when the force of selection reaches zero (i.e. after menopause), resulting in a wall of death (i.e. an age beyond which there is no survival).
Despite our use of CARE-type criteria [ 39] for test selection, reaching consensus on tests was arduous and conflict laden.
Within Late families and despite maintenance of significant genetic variation across 17 generations, the response to selection reached a plateau after 7 generations.
In all cases, resistance was only achieved when selection reached a specific threshold dose, which was well within the clinical range.
In fact, some Drosophila TE families (most of them LINE like elements) seem to be only marginally affected by purifying selection, reaching high insertion frequencies in euchromatin [ 45].
As expected, this proportion increased substantially upon selection, reaching a maximum of 82% mutant cells after selection for a further 7 days in puromycin (Fig. 4B,C; supplementary material Fig. S1).
The TLR2 intracellular domains were generally much more conserved through strong purifying selection, reaching maximum conservation in the TIR domain with ω < 0.1 for the vast majority of sites.
For instance, an expectation from theoretical models is that certain forms of epistatic interactions may promote sustained long-term responses to selection, reaching an ending point that is much higher than what could be predicted from the observable genetic variation in the initial population (e.g. [ 22- 24]).
