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Figure 5 (A B) shows the forms of selection imposed on the longitudinal component of hue by the two host distributions (selection on the latitudinal component is always directional, and selection on saturation is stabilizing towards the same value for all θ).
However, durability of costs of virulence can be expected to be inversely proportional to the strength of selection imposed on the pathogen to compensate these costs.
The first one is the (overall) selection intensity of the gene under study, S, for the overall strength of purifying selection imposed on the protein sequence; the negative sign indicates the negative (purifying) selection.
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By assuming the nucleotide frequencies from position specific weight matrices are the equilibrium frequencies under the purifying selection imposed on these sequences, we could make seemingly reasonable predictions for the rate of evolution at each position (figure 4).
However, whether selection imposed on one transcription cassette effects the likelihood of expression from a second, independent transcription cassette within the same vector has been less well studied.
Commonly, selection imposed on one trait results in correlated changes in other traits, revealing genetic correlations among traits.
The height of plants evolving in competitive environments is in part a product of selection imposed on fitness by the effects of light interception, carbon and nutrient capture, weed competition, and seed dispersal (Lin et al. 1995).
In order to evaluate the potential forms of selection imposed on cuckoo eggs by the hosts, we sampled 3000 potential cuckoo egg colors from within the tetrachromatic color space of each host that were evenly distributed for hue and saturation and then calculated the average acceptance probability of each of these eggs.
By investigating genetic variation at both antigenic sites and regions of the genome that do not code for antigens, Artzy-Randrup et al. suggest that immune selection the selection imposed on var repertoires by the build up of specific immunity at the population level plays a central role in structuring parasite diversity.
Operon conservation between species is also a more accurate and natural measure of the selection imposed on operons than other simple traits such as operon length and operon number.
The reduction in genetic variation is probably a consequence of the increased inbreeding level caused by the high selection imposed on Danish Holstein [ 24].
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