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Estimates of average linear and quadratic coefficients for both selection directions were also calculated using the Eberhart model [ 48].
As head morphology was shown to be a strong indicator for trophic specialization, slight habitat differences may enforce slightly differential selection directions to promote local adaptation.
We used nested analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to test for differences in the rate of response between selection directions, with 'cumulative selection differential' as the covariate and 'replicate within direction' as a random effect.
We also note that 'one-sided upper tail P-values' may increase the FPR in real data analysis for those methods that can distinguish selection directions correctly, for example, the positive scores in XPEHH generally suggests that selection happened in the observed population, otherwise with negative scores, selection happened in the reference population.
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A wider appreciation of these differences and their underlying relevance to the discovery and development process would aid the selection, direction and exploitation of academic research, particularly that leading to cleaner chemical technology.
A partial Fourier factor of 6/8 was used in phase encoding, and slice selection direction.
This maximises the speed of achieving selection response for this hypothetical selection direction.
Nested analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) F-values are given for the interaction effect of cumulative selection differential by line nested within selection direction (df = 7,72); **P < 0.0001, *P < 0.01.
None of the interaction terms (selection direction by covariate and random effect by covariate) were significant and we used Tukey's HSD to test for differences in the adjusted means between Black-Black, Gold-Gold, and UC lines.
The relative sizes of ventral hindwing eyespots E4 and E6 (the targets of selection for color composition) differed by ~2 SD in the antagonistic selection lines compared to unselected controls ([ 55]; ANOVA for effect of selection direction: F4,495 = 67.7, P < 0.0001; Tukey's HSD for relative size of eyespots 4 and 6 in Large-Smalll' vs 'Small-Large' lines: t396 = 8.3, Padj < 0.001).
These variations in selection direction and strength were consistent with the variations in FcritBB observed among generations (Cb) in scenario B. Finally, patterns of at generation G5 differed among scenarios A and B. While values remained similar across generation in scenario A, values decreased across generations in scenario B as a consequence of selection and recombination (Fig. 5).
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