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First, the validation study was web-based and may have a respondent selection bias based on access to the internet.
Randomisation (selection bias): based on empirical evidence, the randomisation methods will be extracted as the primary measure of bias control.
There was no selection bias based on social class or insurance restrictions.
Therefore, no selection bias based on the experience of the operating room team was expected.
Estimates of selection bias based on either set of instrument were compared.
Owing to the real-world design of ACTION, a selection bias based on disease severity or adverse events is plausible.
Differences detected may reveal the effects of cell selection bias based on methodologies employed when preparing cells for injection.
National and published data will be used to identify selection bias based on socio-demographic or symptom status.
The results were therefore not affected by selection bias based on exposure, nor by recall bias as in case-control studies.
Response options and, in some cases, order of questions were randomized to avoid selection biases based on response ordering.
We are unaware of any self-selection bias based on instructors.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com