Kinetic constraints which bias the phase selection away from the energetically most favored structure are usually the result of a requirement for ordering, complex atomic rearrangement, or partitioning during crystallization.
Predator release appears to have shifted natural selection away from predator escape ability and towards resource acquisition ability.
Deterioration may be also fuelled by the current pace of transformation of Vietnamese society [35] and its economy and by the gradual spread of sex selection away from the initial cluster identified here.
In both cases the overall slope and large fraction of adaptive changes would be expected to cause directional selection away from the native state.
The number of SNVs between related laboratory strains is relatively low and managed by purifying selection away from changes to amino acid sequence.
In general, the deflection of the predicted response to selection away from the vector of selection (i.e., the direction of fastest adaptation) was small.
We find that both models violate the assumption of the native sequence being close to a thermodynamic optimum, causing directional selection away from the native state.
Equation 12 shows that relatedness among interacting individuals shifts selection away from a potentially negative term toward the genetic variance in trait value.
The species lagging farthest from the optimum always experiences a decrease in time to extinction due to competition, because the competitive interaction produces selection away from the optimum (i.e., maladaptation), which increases the lag relative to the case without competition.
We consider a range of metrics designed to assess the effect of G on the deflection of a predicted response to selection away from the direction of fastest adaptation and on the evolvability of the traits.
For large populations with initial mutant frequencies of 0.1 and 0.9, the delta method performed particularly well when there was strong selection away from the absorbing boundaries at 0 and 1, respectively (see the Kullback Leibler divergence plots in Figure S1).
