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However, these seasonal aggregations do not lead to selection and emergence of HPAI viruses.
Finally, selection and emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms was considered an important drawback of the routine use of SDD.
Creating conditions that are not conducive to microbial selection and emergence represents a major challenge, from a disease management and cultural point of view, for reducing the risk for avian influenza occurrence and subsequent human infection.
A possible explanation is that cells grow cooperatively in long-term culture and that random cell-cell interactions in minor surviving populations can lead to selection and emergence of sub-populations with different ploidy and other properties, including drug sensitivity.
Moreover, it is diluted and inactivated by saliva [ 24], and since bacteria can be resistant to CHX, a low concentration (which will regularly occur between oral care treatments) represents an additional risk of selection and emergence of resistant strains.
We, therefore, suggest that CSC exerts pressure on airway epithelial cells that results in selection and emergence of genetically unstable somatic mutant clones that may have lost the capacity to effectively execute an apoptotic programme.
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The current study confirms previous findings on the association of NIV with a positive clinical outcome in several respects (VAP, length of stay) and extends the scope of benefits to a more sparing use of antibiotics (with potential reduction of the selection pressure and emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria).
Besides the accumulation of secondary mutations in targeted proteins, a simple explanation for acquired resistance is the selection for and emergence of alternative RTK systems.
The issue of increasing incidence of MDR is clearly more complex in intensive care units (ICUs), where selection pressure and emergence of resistance, as well as the risk of patient-to-patient transmission, are highest.
The septins comprise an evolutionarily conserved class of GTPases that are implicated in bud-site selection, bud emergence and growth, microtubule capture and spindle positioning [ 37].
We observed a consistent cross type specific trend of a decrease in direct selection on early season leaf length corresponding with reduced total (direct and indirect) phenotypic selection (s) occurring on height and emergence date (Table 3).
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