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The DD procedure is an attempt to account for selection on unobservables by assuming that recent graduates select into migration in similar ways in college towns and large metro areas.
High-skill workers select into expensive cities.
Professor Cacioppo believes that reflects an evolutionary tendency to "select into circumstances that allow us to stay in a good mood".
Individuals were thus unable to select into treatment after the SSS was announced in March 2016.
For instance, it is well known that students with motivation and behavioural problems tend to select into vocational tracks.
Other personal characteristics, such as family or household composition, are likely to also influence whether an individual will select into migration and, if so, to where.
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If participants are allowed to self-select into the treatment or selection is partly influenced by unobserved characteristics, outcome comparisons between the groups may be substantially biased.
This would however require respondents to be identified, potentially leading to selection bias (GPs would self-select into the sample).
First, since nonparticipants are not considered in the second-stage market choice model, proceeding with a univariate probit model would introduce sample selection bias3 since farmers would self-select into treatment (Faltermeier and Abdulai 2009).
People self-select into the wellness program creating a selection bias; nevertheless, strong associations were identified for many of the screening tests and belonging to the incentivized program.
However, cross-sectional analysis of drinking behaviour is vulnerable to selection bias: unobserved heterogeneity across individuals may explain why some vulnerable individuals self-select into an at-risk college environment, as predicted by the theory of increased heterogeneity [ 2].
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