For example, in the case of Hebbian long-term potentiation, traces left by presynaptic spikes need to be combined with postsynaptic spikes, whereas short-term plasticity can be seen as induced by traces of presynaptic spikes, independent of the state of the postsynaptic neuron.
In other brain areas, the Na+ current of NG2+ cells has been shown to be able to generate action potentials: however, we did not see depolarizations induced by synaptic input that were capable of eliciting action potentials or voltage-dependent [Ca2+]i elevations.
Similar discussions of induced fit compared with conformational dynamics have been ongoing in the field of enzyme catalysis, in which movements necessary for catalysis are not seen as being induced by substrate binding, but instead as reflecting an existing flexibility within an active site (for an example, see [ 93]).
Notably, there were foam and hydropic cells, as is seen in lymphadenopathy induced by such inertial material as silicon.
This process of syncytial formation is very similar to that seen in syncytia induced by cyst nematodes.
The increase in EPSP amplitude was similar to that seen during LTF induced by five spaced applications of 5HT (data not shown).
Differential expression of several genes seen to be induced by smoking in buccal mucosa was validated in buccal mucosa samples from independent volunteers using real competitive PCR.
If this effect was also seen in hypoxia induced by lung disease, it would be a further potentially adverse effect of obesity in the lung that might worsen the underlying pulmonary disease.
Second, we have developed cell lines with stably integrated PEPCK promoter-luciferase reporter gene constructs to examine effects of heavy metals on promoter function, and have also recently seen profound effects induced by both chromium VI) and arsenic III) in this system.
The direct role of TE activity in species radiation, defended by Oliver & Greene, and Zeh et al. [ 106, 107], takes into account the fact that TEs are controlled in a reversible way by epigenetics (see below), are induced by stress, and that TE activity increases the genomic variation, thus resulting in better adaptability when conditions change.
