The idea consists of treating each particle as a sample drawn from the pool of molecules that it represents; this way, the actual location of a tracked particle is seen as a sample drawn from the density function of the location of molecules represented by that given particle, rigorously represented by a kernel density function.
From the viewpoint of kernel methods, the right-hand side of Equation (6) can be seen as a sample estimator of a generalized similarity measure between two arbitrary scalar random variables X and Y, called cross-correntropy and defined by [2] v σ ( X, Y ) = E XY [ G σ ( X − Y ) ] = ∫ ∫ G σ ( X − Y ) p X, Y ( x, y ) dxdy, (7).
The replications can be seen as a sample of total number of possible replications and, thus, R k was considered as random factor.
However, the use of students as subjects has become very common in negotiation research and they can be seen as a sample of future managers dealing with NSS in their upcoming careers.
We argued that children who undergo emergency CT because of high-energy trauma can be seen as a sample of the normal paediatric population and that those CTs can provide an insight into the normal dimensions of lymph nodes at various levels in the chest.
No single issue of the Book Review could contain every one of this season's significant newcomers, and so the "fresh voices" collected here should be seen as a sampling instead of a comprehensive catalog.
He was like her, too, in being quite fanciful in his imagery (an old turkey with a head "like a loading-hook from a drowned galleon," a hefty starling seen as a "sampler-shape whose bid / to be a bird / suffers from thickness of the thread") while always respecting his creatures' fierce and inalienable reality: you never had the feeling that his was a denatured zoo, a menagerie of mere symbols.
Therefore, the results can be considered reliable and generalizable to some scale, yet not necessarily seen as statistical samples.
Motivated by natural physical forces, Spears et al. [ 39] introduced the Artificial Physics Optimisation (APO) where particles are seen as solutions sampled from the feasible region of the problem space.
can be seen as a positive sample.
