Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) measures novelty seeking, harm avoidance (HA), and reward dependence traits.
Bipolar patients scored statistically higher than the healthy individuals on novelty seeking, harm avoidance and self-transcendence and lower on self-directedness and cooperativeness.
The results include separate scores for the temperament dimensions (Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence), Persistence (excluded from the temperament dimensions through factor analysis), and character dimensions (Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, Self-transcendence).
The TCI encompasses four temperament dimensions (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence and persistence) and three character dimensions (self-directedness, co-operativeness and self-transcendence) [30].
After the manipulation check, subjects performed the electronic version of the short form of Temperamental and Character Inventory designed to assess four temperamental (Novelty Seeking; Harm Avoidance; Reward Dependence; Persistence) and three character (Self-Directedness; Cooperativeness; Self-Transcendence) dimensions [23].
The temperamental traits are: Sensation Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Persistence.
The TCI-125 assesses four temperament traits (Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Persistence) and three character traits (Self-Directedness, Cooperation and Self-Transcendence).
In Central Asia and the countries like China, India and Russia, drug use and sharing injection equipment is increasing rapidly among females, and in many regions more females are seeking harm reduction services and drug treatment [ 5, 6].
The self-report Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) [ 30] was also used to measure behaviours associated with seven personality dimensions, namely novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence.
High scores on Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Persistence, and Self-Transcendence were found to be predictors of higher psychopathology and greater severity of the disorder.
Ak et al. reported significantly higher Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Self-transcendence scores in male psoriasis patients compared to control group [ 20].
