As most subjects in this study had single samples taken within each trimester, a single cutoff level was sought as a proxy of influenza exposure during pregnancy.
Conversely, in terms of potential threats or destabilization of xiao, it seemed that when respondents could not 'be there', it does not mean that they have let go of the traditional practice of xiao, but rather may be trapped in a dilemma and must find alternative ways to display xiao through money, or seeking a proxy xiao provider, such as the aunt.
"We have never sought a proxy fight," Mr. Hess wrote in the letter.
Tracking actual help-seeking for real symptoms would require unfeasibly large samples and study duration, so we therefore used a hypothetical question (how soon would you seek medical help with ….) as a proxy indicator of delay.
The Saudi-led alliance is seeking to prevent Houthi rebel fighters, whom it sees as a proxy of Iran, from taking complete control of Yemen.
Other maternal characteristics include ownership of a valid health insurance policy, which is adopted as a proxy to capture the health seeking behaviour of the mother.
Since the contribution of individual physiologic processes under different conditions is not known, we sought to model the level of activation by using the OGI as a proxy.
In other words, we consider that the interviewer stood as a proxy for a young woman who may seek, or obtain, knowledge from the women being interviewed on the subject of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
In analyses of health-seeking for diarrhoea, the presence of blood in stool was included as a proxy for illness severity.
In addition to child level factors, maternal level factors including marital status, parity, ethnicity and mothers' health knowledge and health related behaviour including pregnancy intentions used as a proxy for family planning, and place of delivery used as a proxy for health seeking behaviour were significantly related to child stunting.
