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Because all cases required relatively short sick leaves, the effects of possible social security reimbursements were not applicable.
France is a statutory SHI country that provides an example of complementary PHI in order to meet gaps in social security reimbursements.
The study population comprised nationally insured members (compulsory regimes) of the "Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale" (MGEN), a health care insurance company which manages social security reimbursements of everyone working or who had worked in France within the public education system.
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Hospital and retail prices were obtained from the Price Bulletin published in August 2013 and social security reimbursement prices were extracted from the Positive List published in October 2013.
In the base case analysis, the drug daily cost was calculated on grounds of the social security reimbursement price, defined by the internal reference price system attached to the latest published positive drug list (May 2013) [ 37].
In the absence of social security reimbursement price (i.e. in case of rivaroxaban), the available retail price published in the latest drug price bulletin issued by the Greek Ministry of Health was used (August 2013) [ 36].
More specifically, the drug unit costs were based on the social security reimbursement prices minus the patient co-payment, a rebate of 9% imposed upon manufacturers to get into the positive drug list and another rebate based on volume which can be up to 8% depending on quarterly sales (law 4052/2012, Government Gazette).
Discovery extended another $2 million in additional benefits, including $1.5 million for his supplemental retirement account, a car allowance, travel on corporate jets, personal security and reimbursements for home-office expenses.
Conversely, employees are less inclined to invest in firm-specific human capital without substantial job security or reimbursement.
(Which is being increasingly tied to job security and reimbursement, despite the bad science involved in the process).
Most countries have imposed across-the-board price cuts at some point in the past decade.Optimists hope that greater price transparency for drugs will lead to a cascade of pricing harmonisation that will in turn trigger a convergence of social-security and reimbursement policies across Europe.
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