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Some found the more secular orientation disquieting, and others felt as if they were treated like second-class citizens.
Some nations, like England, have state religions; others, like France, have a secular orientation but subsidize and regulate religious education.
Iran, which borders both, is the biggest wildcard; although Shiite Muslim like Azerbaijan, Tehran reviles Baku because of Azerbaijan's secular orientation, its close ties with Israel, and fears about separatist tendencies among Iran's large Azeri minority.
At one end is the method of indoctrination of prescribed values and virtues, regardless of sacred or secular orientation.
The Kurdish militia defending Kobani has a strong secular orientation.
Present-day societies with a more secular orientation than the United States have similar stories to tell, as illustrated by research on contemporary Denmark and Sweden.
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The open debate between the secular and religious orientations of politics was unthinkable over the past 60 years.
In the interest of full disclosure, I would like to state here that my own orientation is secular but that I also believe that all religions have more or less equal dollops of spiritual truth in them, which become corrupted by personal and cultural dross.
The MEA states that the countries share: long-standing historical and cultural ties; colonial experience; a secular, nationalist and developmental orientation; similar perceptions on many international and regional issues; and membership of the Non-Aligned Movement.
At least part of this absence is because so many of the pro-choice movement's leaders and funders are secular and civic in their orientation, awkwardly uncomfortable with the moral and spiritual dimension of the conversation, or, for that matter, even with words like moral and spiritual.
Ni Peimin, professor of philosophy at Grand Valley State University, in an article on the philosophy of kung fu, articulates Chinese secular relativism nicely: "The predominant orientation of traditional Chinese thought is the concern about how to live one's life, rather than finding out the truth about reality.
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