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As he said in a letter of 313 to the proconsul of Africa, the Christian clergy should not be distracted by secular offices from their religious duties "…for when they are free to render supreme service to the Divinity, it is evident that they confer great benefit upon the affairs of state".
In 1189 Coutances held an ecclesiastical synod which legislated, among other things, that the clergy should not hold secular offices, even though Coutances himself had held and continued to hold such offices.
Baldwin had suspended Nonant in March 1190 for holding secular office as sheriff, but Baldwin wrote to FitzNeal after his departure that Nonant had agreed to relinquish his secular offices.
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The other major change came in May, when the ministry was moved from the chancery grounds to a secular office building in Newton, just west of Boston.
Probably, it was Robert's involvement in secular office as chancellor that restricted his activities with his ecclesiastical office.
Stretching back (at least in theory) to the Apostle Peter, the papacy has been a near constant superpower that has outlived empires, survived world wars, and shaped western history perhaps more than any other single secular or non-secular office.
Several holders of the office, however, combined it with other secular administrative offices.
After the arrest Stephen forced the bishops to surrender their castles and secular government offices.
As lord high treasurer, Juxon was the last English clergyman to hold both secular and clerical offices in the medieval tradition of clerical state service.
A brazen atheist (he broke with tradition when he became Prime Minister by taking a secular oath of office), he is unmarried but lives with his long-time partner, computer engineer Peristera Betty Batzianana.
For instance, few would argue that the secular outlook for office-supply retailers is positive.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com