But the sociologist declares that even life scientists think that certain processes have to be discussed regarding their possible sectoral regulation: "Ironically, the same GE developers who once claimed that the process of GE does not matter for regulatory purposes are now arguing that changes to the engineering process justify looser regulatory scrutiny".
Likewise efforts in destination countries have, to date, been piecemeal: India now has a special medical tourist visa but has otherwise left sectoral regulation to its private medical providers [ 46].
America so far favours self-regulation and sectoral laws, for example for the health-care industry, in order to protect the personal data of its citizens.
Thus, a multi-sectoral response to genomic research regulation may in the long run be more effective than a sectoral one.
The economy, the law, science, health, medicine and even education have all established increasingly autonomous governance systems in recent decades that follow a sectoral logic of domain-specific regulation rather than a political logic of territorial segmentation and subordination to a national agenda [88].
The ministry looked after measures to reduce unemployment such as labour exchanges and dealt with industrial relations issues like sectoral minimum wages and health and safety regulations.
A patchwork of local, sectoral rules risks piling on layers of regulations that distort incentives, raise costs excessively and prove hard to sweep away if and when a better system eventually emerges.However, as Bali showed, politics has a habit of undermining economics.
"These countries lack overall framework legislation or regulation on climate change, need to move from sectoral to economy-wide targets and extend the timeframe of their targets to 2030," the report said.
Our empirical analyses show that a few factors emerge as particularly relevant such as relationships with other firms and institutions, sectoral energy expenditure intensity and current and future expected environmental regulation.
However, regime characteristics are conceptually and empirically more distant than actual (sectoral) government capacities or cross-sectoral experience in regulating economic matters.
- APBD allocations for social sector development are "disturbed" and "loaded" by sectoral pressures from the centre.
