In Social epidemiology, it is very common to examine causes that are distant from the health outcomes investigated, with a distinction between the so-called upstream determinants (e.g., social class, work economic sectors) and downstream determinants of diseases that mediate the effects of the former.
Support was found for horizontal (intra-industry) productivity spillovers and vertical (inter-industry) technology spillovers from foreign firms in upstream sectors to local firms in downstream sectors in the case of Kenya and Zimbabwe.
The downstream sector is very simple in Nigeria in that the refined gas is moved from one tanker to another, to a smaller tanker and then sold.
It will also extend its oil and gas capabilities from exploration and production to the downstream sector, as well as bring in new customers.
"He's made it clear that it's absolutely in the best interest of Nigerians to deregulate the downstream sector," meaning the retail sale of gasoline.
These are the growing role of vertical integration between the farm sector and the downstream sectors, the possibility for farmers to increase their horizontal integration and the role of agricultural policies in affecting these phenomena.
In a bid to make the petroleum downstream sector more efficient and in an attempt to stem petroleum product consumption as a policy focus, the government has reduced and removed subsidies on various energy resources in Nigeria.
Among the majors that produce and refine oil, ExxonMobil, which operates the largest refinery in the U.S. in Baytown, Texas, (572,500 barrels per day), reported a $15 million loss in the second quarter in the so-called downstream sector of its U.S. business.
It's focused on the "downstream" sector of deployment and installation.
The downstream sector includes rehabilitation centres, nursing or residential care homes, homecare, and general practitioners (GPs).
