To model the rotor, cross sections are assumed to be radially rigid.
For the cases investigated, the hot and cold sections were assumed to comprise approximately 30% of the vertical walls.
The trailing vortices shed from the leading edge sections are assumed to join together to form a strong tip and root vortex.
A cantilever bending force was applied perpendicularly to the femur neck at a speed of 5 mm/minute until fracture occurred; the femur neck cross sections were assumed to be elliptically shaped, the section modulus is Wz = πab/32: Where a is the width of the cross section in the superior-inferior direction, and b is the width in the anterior-posterior direction.
Briefly, a compression force was applied to the cylinder samples of the L2 body specimen at a rate of 2.5 mm/minute (Instron 3367); the L2 body cross sections were assumed to be elliptically shaped, two diameters, anterior-posterior (a) and left-right (b), of this cylinder were measured using vernier caliper and used to calculate the cross-sectional area (S) (S = πab/4).
A bending force was applied to the middle femur shaft at a speed of 5 mm/minute until fracture occurred; the femur cross sections were assumed to be elliptically shaped, the moment of inertia is I = π[ab-\ a-\2t)(b-\2t)]/64: Where a is the width of the cross section in the medial-lateral direction, b is the width in the anterior-posterior direction, and t is the average cortical thickness.
A reinforced concrete column cross section was assumed to consist of two materials (Fig. 2), concrete and longitudinal reinforcing steel.
The elastic modulus of the composite section was assumed to be equal to that of the concrete, E c, as given by the following ACI (2011) expression: E_{c} = 57000,sqrt {f^{prime}_{c} ;(psi)} (6).
In this study, as the cross section was assumed to be a triangle, and measurement resolution was to ± 0.01 mm.
The area of the nanobeam cross-section is assumed to change linearly.
