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For emergency caesarean sections, failure to progress and fetal heart rate abnormalities frequently coexisted and were coded as labour complication.
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The tests demonstrate net section failure, bearing failure and block tearing failure.
The shear tests showed that original riveted specimens failed in tension (plate net section failure).
Many failure modes are observed such as curling, bearing, net section failure, edge tearing of the connected plate etc.
Among all tests, section failure at the end of lap under combined bending and shear was always found to be critical in the connected Z sections.
Two dominant failure modes are identified: (1) tilting and net section failure (T+NSF) and (2) tilting, bearing and pull out (T+B+PO).
Two dominant failure modes are identified: (1) tilting, bearing and tearing of the sheets (TS) and (2) tilting, bearing and net-section failure (NSF).
In the second case (ORS) the section failure initiates at the compressed concrete, whereas the stresses in the pre-stressed steel are unknown.
The proposed expression based on the regression analysis of 108 experimental results reported in the literature is validated by experiments involving net section failure in angles under tension.
Interestingly, net-section failure is observed in composite doublers with breakage of doublers due to the presence of holes in the doublers.
In this paper, with the verified Finite Element (FE) models and procedures, three major failure modes under lap shear loads, such as bearing failure, shear-out failure and net-section failure, are investigated.
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