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The mean cross-sectional surface area in three sections per knee joint was determined, including knee joints without ectopic bone formation.
The measured shape of the rut was copied for calculating its cross-sectional surface with a drawing program.
In each sample, the surface morphologies are investigated by root-mean-square (RMS) roughness and cross-sectional surface line profiles.
(a-2) to (d-2) present cross-sectional surface line profiles indicated as white lines in (a-d).
(a) to (d) show the cross-sectional surface line profiles, acquired from Figure 2 as indicated with white lines.
The damage evolution was examined at the lateral slice cross-sectional surface after different numbers of thermal cycles.
The samples were fractured in liquid nitrogen, and the cross-sectional surface was pre-coated with gold before the SEM analysis.
Electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 20 kV is irradiated to the tip and center of the Si nanowall from the cross-sectional surface.
The top and the cross-sectional surface morphologies of TNT obtained after the second-step anodization in EG-based electrolyte are shown in Figure 3.
Line profiles in (a-1 j-1) a-1 j-1uired from the white lines in (are) showing smooth cross-sectionacquiredce morphologies at each DA.
To calculate the flow rate Q we integrate the axial velocity over the cross-sectional surface of the tube at z = L.
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