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We excluded less robust designs (especially cross sectional studies).
We excluded retrospective case-control studies and cross sectional studies.
Retrospective and cross sectional studies excluded to avoid reverse causality.
These were similar as known from previous cross sectional studies.
Additional file 1: STROBE checklist for cross sectional studies.
However, cross sectional studies cannot ascertain causality [ 32].
Similar(54)
Eight were retrospective and two were cross-sectional studies.
Two additional cross-sectional studies support our findings [17, 29].
Seventy-seven cross-sectional studies met the inclusion criteria.
A few cross-sectional studies have used this approach.
The results of two independent cross-sectional studies are reported.
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