Some are charged by applying fixed percentages to expenditure, some by secondment of staff, some by direct charge of time spent.
These interventions, aimed at addressing the shortages in human resources for health, including top-ups, mentoring, secondment of staff and training, all appear "surgical" in that they are not genuinely interwoven into the Zambian health system at all levels.
To a lesser extent, the pool of HRH was increased through creation and recruitment of new cadres of health workers for HIV, use of retired staff, and secondment of NGO staff to public sector facilities.
The secondment of GHI staff into public sector facilities may help alleviate immediate staff shortages, but this practice risks undermining sustainability of programmes.
"We have a proud history of helping the Lions through the secondment of key staff and this will continue to be our stance whenever possible," said WRU group chief executive Roger Lewis.
On the one hand, this allowed secondment of NGO staff to public sector facilities, according to a pre-defined agreement.
Ways of raising technology levels in national agro-industry in the absence of direct government involvement in the sector include the tapping of the research and development capacities of multinational corporations by encouraging direct investment, promoting joint ventures and licensing and franchising arrangements and encouraging the secondment of their staff.
Responding to these policy developments, a large number of different partnership arrangements have been developed in different parts of the country (e.g. Care Trusts, joint appointments, the use of staff secondments and joint management arrangements and Joint Strategic Needs Assessments).
Sovereign Strategy has provided one in-kind donation of a member of staff to the campaign on secondment.
Energy companies, including Centrica, EDF and RWE npower, have placed dozens of staff in government departments on secondments since 2008, either funded by the taxpayer or provided for nothing.
Every year, perhaps hundreds of staff from these firms will work on secondments to various Whitehall departments.
