First, as noted by the Institute of Medicine, it can be difficult to separate the direct effects of a ban from dissemination of information about the ban, associated education about secondhand smoke, and associated efforts at smoking cessation.
We used a backward elimination multivariate logistic regression model to measure association between the outcome variables of asthma and different factors, including sex, age, education, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure, BMI, type 1 diabetes and hypertension.
Covariates considered in models included potential determinants of pubertal onset: age of child at examination, birth weight, gestational age, breast-feeding; nutrition, height, weight, and BMI at enrollment; household income; maternal age at birth and parity; prenatal smoking (active and secondhand) and alcohol intake; parental education; and blood lead (Williams et al. 2010).
Carmona was "naïve" about politics, he says, and found himself at odds with the Bush Administration over stem-cell research, sex education, the dangers of secondhand smoke, and even the Special Olympics.
Questionnaires elicited information on maternal characteristics including ethnicity, age, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), parity (none or ≥ 1), smoking, secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS), supplement use, education, and water-related habits during pregnancy (Patelarou et al. 2011).
For example, education on the harm of secondhand smoke might increase if dentists became aware of the risk of caries due to secondhand smoke as well as tobacco consumption of their clients.
"So there is still a basic need for more public education messages on the impacts of secondhand smoke".
Potential predictors evaluated included feeding mode, ounces per day of formula, minutes per day breastfed, home tap water arsenic concentration, infant age at urine collection, infant sex, maternal education, maternal cigarette smoking, and maternal secondhand smoke exposure.
We found that parents not taken part of parental education more often exposed their children to secondhand smoke than parents taken part.
Race/ethnicity, physician diagnosis of asthma, current wheeze, allergy, annual family income, parental education, and exposure to in utero and secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) were obtained through annual written questionnaires completed by the parents.
