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Various strain engineering approaches to overcome CCR have targeted either removing repression by the preferred sugar or improving secondary sugar utilization.
In the second layer, transcription of catabolic enzyme for a secondary sugar is regulated by two mechanisms.
Moreover, introduction of a secondary sugar into cytosol via facilitated diffusion can relieve the transcription repression by the repressor protein.
Commonly, transcription of catabolic enzymes is suppressed by a repressor protein that is released by binding with the secondary sugar.
In the first layer, the transport of a secondary sugar is inhibited when a preferred sugar is present, a process called inducer exclusion (or repulsion).
Although the control mechanisms, often called CCR, are different between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, the use of a secondary sugar is generally controlled in two layers.
Similar(51)
In spite of the differences in the conformation of the primary sugar-binding site observed in the human mincle structure, it appears that the secondary sugar-binding site is preserved.
It is not known if the two sugars are assembled before loading on the GPA or act in a stepwise fashion as in case of other secondary sugars.
However, it also opens up the possibility that external (secondary) sugars can be imported via facilitated diffusion, depending on the cytosolic concentration of that sugar.
EIIA Glc inactivates the uptake of the secondary sugars (i.e. lactose) and in this way prevents the induction of the relevant uptake system.
This provided the remaining 4000 bp to the predicted terminus of the cluster, and a further 12.1 kb into DNA stretches which clearly did not encode for secondary metabolites (sugar transport proteins and transposases).
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