Given its integral nature and strong relationship with crop performances, the authors plea to upgrade ECa from a "secondary" (proxy) source of information to a "primary" variable which can be used directly as a basis for detailed soil mapping of the bulk soil.
Additionally, a secondary proxy for biological production covering the period of interest could be pursued.
Without this understanding, decisions about the care and well-being of others can only be based on secondary (proxy) reports informed mostly by notions of best interest [ 27] or by philosophical and moral judgement about what is judged to be right in any given situation [ 28].
For much of the research commissioned, the Department was not even acting as the primary customer, but, rather, was in the position of a secondary or proxy customer for the field authorities and practitioners of the NHS who might have benefitted from research commissioned by the Department.
At a 36-month follow-up, 2 years after the completion of the Danish Alzheimer Intervention Study (DAISY), the unadjusted positive effects previously detected at the 12-month follow-up in one patient primary outcome (Cornell depression score) and one patient secondary outcome (proxy-rated QoL-AD) disappeared (Cornell depression score, p=0.93; proxy-rated QoL-AD, p=0.81).
Our study used location of secondary education as proxy to determine nationality, as citizenship or country of birth alone would not adequately define the demographic we were interested in.
The computational study of random ensembles of RNA sequences folding into their minimum free energy secondary structure (a proxy for the phenotype) has permitted one to assess the role played by compensatory mutations [ 2].
For secondary outcomes, parent proxy-reported child fatigue and QoL were of main interest.
12 Before adjustment for multiple testing was carried out, the data analysis of the results at the 12-month follow-up had shown statistical significance in one primary patient outcome (Cornell Depression Scale score, p=0.0103) and one secondary patient outcome (proxy-rated quality of life QoL-AD, p=0.0013) in favour of the DAISY group.
Similarly to what is found in most other studies [ 12, 19, 20, 58, 59], the results of our study illustrate that filling out the questionnaire in another language than Dutch, being divorced or single, and having a lower than secondary education (as proxies for low socio-economic status) are important risk factors which increase odds for the reporting of IPV substantially.
Socio-economic features were proxy by secondary school enrolment, government expenditure on health, per capita income, unemployment rate and the Naira foreign exchange rate.
