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Another example is the secondary phosphate ion, HPO42−, which can either lose or accept a proton, according to the following equations: HPO42− ⇄ PO43− + H+ and HPO42− + H+ ⇄ H2PO4−.
The first comprises anions derived from acids containing more than one acidic hydrogen e.g., the bisulfate ion (HSO4−) and primary and secondary phosphate ions (H2PO4− and HPO42−) derived from phosphoric acid (H3PO4).
In addition, PhoR ~ P also bound to the promoter of the porin gene porB, whose expression was reduced in the Δ phoRS mutant, and to the promoter of the pitA gene encoding a low-affinity secondary phosphate transporter (Schaaf and Bott 2007).
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Secondary phosphates are extremely varied, forming at low temperatures, in the presence of water, and under variable oxidation states.
Phosphates can be grouped as: (1) primary phosphates that have crystallized from a liquid; (2) secondary phosphates formed by the alteration of primary phosphates; and (3) fine-grained rock phosphates formed at low temperatures from phosphorus-bearing organic material, primarily underwater.
The labile P fractions, secondary phosphates of iron and aluminum, and apatite-P varied with parent materials and soil weathering.
Libethenite is a secondary copper phosphate mineral commonly found in the oxidized zone of copper ore deposits.
A possible cause for the delay in detectable calcium is that the phosphorus nucleation sites should increase with time, secondary to phosphate ester degradation.
Based on active natural products, two series of uncharged catechol derivatives were identified as PTP1B inhibitors by targeting a secondary aryl phosphate-binding site as well as the catalytic site.
Unlike the Gokstad mound, no bone survives, but one sample found a typical 'body stain' of secondary iron and phosphate close by the iron encrusted sword in the grave (potentially the pelvic region of the inhumation).
While the peptide had no significant secondary structure in phosphate buffer, it showed strong helical character in all the tested membrane-mimicking conditions, including 0.5% DPC, 0.5% SDS, 0.5% DMAO, and 30% TFE.
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