3. When these cosmic rays, mostly protons, hit a standing nucleus, they produce a shower of fast secondary particles, which may in turn produce further cascades of particles.
Those secondary particles decay and produce two of the three flavours of neutrinos: electron neutrinos and muon neutrinos.
When it collides with molecules in the atmosphere it produces a shower of secondary particles and a narrow channel of low electrical resistance allowing the charge from the cloud to travel to the ground.
When an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray smashes into an air molecule in the upper atmosphere, it produces a spray of secondary particles, which spread like the blast of a shotgun as they travel down to the Earth's surface.
When cosmic rays encounter the Earth's atmosphere they disintegrate, producing a shower of secondary particles which can be detected at ground level.
Kamiokande-II could also observe neutrinos generated by cosmic rays, high-speed particles (mainly protons) that collide with nuclei in Earth's atmosphere and produce secondary particles.
The resulting microstructure consists of large secondary particles embedded in a matrix of fine-grained mullite and glass all containing a substantial volume of large pores.
The secondary particles comprised agglomerated irregular primary particles (Fig. 6a).
LiCoPO4 particles aggregated each other and formed secondary particles like those before annealing.
The ceria crystallites seem to aggregate to form secondary particles on the surface.
The primary NP spots can be seen within the secondary particles in Figure 5b.
