At the primary and secondary levels, the story is quite different.
Now 40% of teachers at the early primary levels and 90% in lower-secondary and secondary levels are certified – a remarkable achievement.
At the primary and secondary levels, most children attend separate Albanian or Serb schools.
Before the country's independence, educational opportunities for Indonesians were limited even on the primary and secondary levels.
Education is free at the primary and secondary levels and compulsory between the ages of 6 and 12.
Powell's suggestions for giving more freedom to schools is likely to be popular with teachers, many of whom are having to cope with new curriculums at both primary and secondary levels, as well as reformed A-levels and GCSEs.
That financial pressure is why, Baird writes, she is on Monday launching a campaign to pressure the government to make sex education compulsory in all schools, at both primary and secondary levels.
Following the unification of the elementary and lower secondary levels was the systematic integration of the upper secondary level, spanning ages 16 to 19.
Such qualification is considered valid for work at primary or secondary levels, or at both, according to the nature of the course followed.
But within India, there is widespread recognition that the country has not invested enough in education, especially at the primary and secondary levels.
In addition, the political indoctrination of the leftist Japan Teachers' Union was hindered, and moral education was reintroduced as a requirement at the elementary and lower secondary levels.
