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This study was designed to investigate the relationship between cellular infiltration and periductal laminin expression of the submandibular salivary gland in female autoimmune NZBxNZWF1mice, which are used as an animal model for secondary human Sjögren's syndrome.
Our models explained 85 95% of the variation of WNV prevalence in mosquito vectors, and WNV presence in secondary human hosts.
Spatial predictions identified areas of high incidence of WNV in secondary human hosts, which closely corresponded to those representing high prevalence in WNV vectors (Figures 3, S6).
In sum, WNV presence in both vector and secondary human host populations can best be explained using the same predictor criteria, suggesting a common ecological mechanism driving viral occurrence.
These differences may offer some clues when laboratory testing is delayed or lacking to target control efforts to identify and prevent secondary human transmission H5N1 cases during a large epizootic outbreak.
While predictors of West Nile virus are likely to vary with local conditions [26], [27], our results consistently show that lower income areas represent habitats conducive to West Nile virus amplification in vectors, leading to higher occurrence of the disease in secondary human hosts.
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Because the airborne route of exposure is known to play a role in secondary human-to-human transmission [6], concerns have been raised about the potential use of MPX as a biological warfare agent and as such, the virus is listed as a Category C select agent.
Here we develop a stochastic model for vCJD spread via primary transmission through the consumption of BSE contaminated beef and secondary human-to-human transmission through red cell transfusions (but ignoring other blood components and transmissions via surgery or dentistry), taking into account the genetic structure of the population at codon 129 of the PrP protein.
In light of the transmissibility of vCJD through blood transfusions (15 ), our findings emphasize the need for continued attention to the risks of secondary human-to-human transmission.
Our next priority therefore is to investigate aspects of secondary human-to-human transmission by documenting the rate of geographic spread of EVD during the past and ongoing epidemics to help understand changes in these patterns in the historical record.
Sonia Dara Harvard University (class of 2013), Majoring in economics with a secondary in human evolutionary biology and citation in Spanish At age 21, Dara recently interned for Tyra Banks, whose trailblazing strides for minority models she is already emulating.
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