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The secondary flux and speed observers are designed to relax the need of flux and speed measurement.
These measurements were supplemented by a secondary flux tower, and by static chambers that measured carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes.
The secondary flux at 400 km has been calculated, and the quasi-trapping of electrons, positrons, and protons has been studied.
Next, the fuzzy observer is constructed to estimate the immeasurable states of mover speed and secondary flux, where the observer gains are obtained by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs).
The controlled variables are the superheating degree of refrigerant at the evaporator outlet and the outlet temperature of evaporator secondary flux, whereas the control variables are the electronic expansion valve opening and the compressor speed.
This is a MIMO process, where the expansion valve opening and the compressor speed are used as manipulated variables, whereas the control of both the outlet temperature of evaporator secondary flux and the superheating degree of refrigerant at evaporator outlet is intended.
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As a result, it is necessary to estimate those secondary fluxes (e.g. by numerical models), thus making the measurement difficult and indirect.
registered enhancement of the high energy secondary muon flux (threshold ∼5 GeV).
This secondary particle flux can be exploited to provide a useful storage ring operations tool for optimization of luminosity.
On January 20 , 2005 7 02 7:04 UT the Aragats Multichannel Muon Monitor (AMMM) registered enhancement of the high energy secondary muon flux (energy threshold ∼5 GeV).
A layered design reduced neutron and secondary photon flux in the detector by approximately one order of magnitude for a deuterium tritium source.
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