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The larger, "mature" fault zone displays a continuous damage zone caused by the presence of secondary fault cores embedded in a heavily fractured area inside the damage zone.
The reconstructed resistivity tomograms illustrate that Zhangdian-Renhe fault zone in Zibo city consists of 4 NW-striking normal faults which are the west branch (F1), the secondary fault of west branch (F1-1), the secondary fault of east branch (F2-1) and the east branch (F2).
Although Shen et al. (1996) and Massonet et al. (1996) favor north dipping planes they both state that the dip of the secondary fault plane is poorly constrained and what is required of the geodetic data is shallow slip at the western margin of the sequence.
The secondary fault system trends in E W with smaller throws of up to 100 m.
Slip on the secondary fault is dominated by the reverse component with a maximum of approximately 2 3 m.
Far northeast of Ranau lake, we observe two secondary fault lines that run parallel to the Kumering segment, which we term the Sukarena and Pauh Faults (Fig. 2).
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The TST facies also affect the geometry of secondary faults, creating asperities along the fault plane that cause further deformation.
Our results highlight the importance of the role played by secondary faults in a specific kinematic framework.
"New Zealand has excellent earthquake standards in its building codes, but those standards were much more stringent on the Alpine fault to the west of Christchurch than in the city, where secondary faults are poorly known".
Therefore, these secondary faults represent a hitherto unrecognized seismogenic hazard since they could produce earthquakes up to moment magnitude (Mw) 7.6.
Secondary faults may form in a hierarchical organization, creating a complex network of connected fractures that modify the permeability of the solid.
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