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Once a primary encounter occurs, the following secondary encounters are independent of the free Ca2+ concentration and occur at average intervals of ∼4 ns.
This initial activation can occur in the absence of T-cell help, but without the CD4+ response, the quality of the cytotoxic response to antigen challenge after priming gradually decreases and fails to respond effectively to secondary encounters with antigen.
The residues of binding site II appeared to be more reactive both in accumulated contact time (up to ∼29% for D58 and ∼40% for E60/D60) and in the number of primary and secondary encounters.
We define secondary encounters as events where the Ca2+ ion came to contact with a residue due to transfer from another surface residue, without leaving the first solvation shell.
Table 2 lists the compilation of the total time of contact between the ion and the residues (expressed as number of snapshots) and the number of primary and secondary encounters made with the residues.
In low Ca2+ concentration, when encounters are rare, the secondary encounters may significantly increase the protein surface available to the Ca2+ ion, thus making the region around the binding site a collecting antenna.
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However, many of the Ca2+ ions that encounter the protein's surface will be transferred to a nearby site (secondary encounter) within the ns time frame.
This may be due to increased CD8 T cell numbers, increased cytolytic capacity of the individual T cells, or that the CD8 T cells in the rH4/Ad-H4 group were primed in the presence of CD4 T cells, which have been suggested to increase both the persistence of CD8 T cells and the ability of the CD8 cells to respond to a secondary encounter with their antigen [34] [38].
We wanted to collect information like this about challenges that secondary adopters encounter and share potential solutions.
Secondary effects encountered in the ketamine group were nausea (5 patients), urinary retention (1 patient), vomiting (1 patient), incoercible vomiting (1 patient).
Indeed, it has been proposed that differentiation through an effector phase may result in epigenetic changes at critical effector gene loci that allow memory cells to remain in a 'poised' state to react swiftly following a secondary antigenic encounter.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com