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Aflatoxin production is a secondary defence mechanism of fungi against oxidative stress in the cell (Reverberi et al. 2012; Hong et al. 2013; Grintzalis et al. 2014).
Mont Orgueil remained the island's secondary defence until 1907, when it was given to the people of Jersey as an historic monument.
Since, aflatoxin B1 production is a secondary defence mechanism of fungi against oxidative stress in the cell (Reverberi et al. 2012) ROS-dependent oxidative stress biomarkers TBARS (Fig. 3a), GSH/GSSG (Fig. 3b) and activities of antioxidative enzymes (Fig. 4a e) were determined.
Benzoxazinoids, secondary defence metabolites, which are characteristic for grasses (Poaceae), are also stored as inactive glucosides in the plant vacuole.
The chemical secondary defence component should also reduce the intensity of the attack, further lowering Pk.
In such a case, the chemical secretion is both a signal and a secondary defence component.
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Although the bulk of the division's personnel manned secondary defences rearward of the front line to avoid the German artillery, the forward areas had to be constantly patrolled as a deterrent to an attack and to give the impression they were fully manned.
Speed and Ruxton [11] discussed the role of physical secondary defences in the evolution of aposematism.
Because of the secondary defences' odour, it also increases the probability of being detected.
BA and its derivatives play important roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses and are incorporated into several secondary defence-related metabolites [ 52].
Genes that were differentially regulated were involved in primary and secondary metabolisms, defence and response to stimuli, cell organization, protein modification and transcriptional regulation.
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