Our findings indicate that primary sequences of sORF 1, stem-section 1 and landing site are not absolutely essential for ribosome shunting and viral infectivity, unless they carry some inhibitory features or alter low index of local secondary structure upstream and downstream of the central stem-loop structure.
Hence it will be important to further understand both serotonin's primary and secondary (downstream) effects.
This experimental setup, as the authors themselves conceded, does not allow the discrimination of genes directly regulated through Ahr as a primary response and secondary, downstream effects: both classes would register as being differentially expressed.
During the hypersonic inlet pulse-starting process, the nozzle startup wave system (including the primary shock, contact discontinuity and secondary shock) propagates downstream and interacts with the hypersonic inlet, the secondary shock induces boundary layer separation on the compression ramp.
This is likely to have various secondary effects on both upstream and downstream compartments of the endocytic apparatus.
The secondary structure of the upstream and downstream untranslated regions of mRNA, the 5′-untranslated region (UTR) and 3′-UTR, is very important in regulating translational efficiency (Gray et al., 1998).
We show that paracrine communication increases extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) response fidelity using live single-cell quantitative fluorescent imaging of primary Ca2+ and secondary ERK responses downstream of P2YR and EGFR, respectively.
Within the mixing chamber only fine scale mixing takes place, and shear layers within the mixing chamber and downstream of the secondary nozzle are assumed to sustain large scale instability waves.
The boundaries of the clusters were defined by the last gene upstream and downstream of a secondary metabolite synthase with homology to a gene encoding a regulator, transporter or tailoring enzyme.
We predicted the secondary structure and characterized the upstream and downstream conserved elements.
