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The remainder of the underlying laminar pattern was preserved and there was marked astrocytic gliosis, suggesting that these abnormalities may be a secondary abnormality.
Although we have not examined any relationship effects in this current study, Berbaum's research suggests that detection of a secondary abnormality is inversely proportional to the severity of the first lesion detected (Berbaum et al. 2001).
The development of a new PD mouse model, the GFP-LC3 GAA−/− GFP-LC3 GAA−/ed us to address the effect of TFEB on autophagic accumulation – the major secondary abnormality in PD skeletal muscle (Raben et al, 2007a, b, 2012).
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Tricuspid valve dysfunction is seen in several primary and secondary abnormalities, both congenital and acquired.
Aside from differences in insulin sensitivity detected by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and acute insulin stimulation studies, we observed many similarities between HFD-induced changes in WT and OPN KO mice and observed that the two week HFD model of insulin resistance presents without many secondary abnormalities observed in longer HFD models.
It appears that ERT resolved lysosomal pathology in the majority of fibers, whereas autophagic accumulation and inclusions - the major secondary abnormalities - persisted.
A variety of primary or secondary abnormalities in dystrophin-associated proteins are involved in several forms of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, congenital muscular dystrophy, and dystroglycanopathy [ 7– 9].
In some cases, karyotype evolution can be observed if repeated cytogenetic analyses are performed, unraveling the stepwise accumulation of secondary abnormalities with the starting point of a primary abnormality.
8, 9 In addition to primary inherited disorders in biogenic amine biosynthesis in brain as studied by CSF levels of biogenic amine and biopterin metabolites, there are secondary abnormalities of these brain neurotransmitters due to other genetic disorders.
One limitation inherent in screens of this nature is the adoption of a single time point (in this case E14.5) at which to compare mutant and wild-type embryos, with the result that the malformations detected could be both primary results of the gene knockout and secondary abnormalities resulting from perturbed development.
Conversely, when a secondary cytogenetic abnormality such as gain(1q21) or del(17p) is detected one cannot ascertain when the abnormality first appeared unless sequential results are available.
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