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But Mr Scarlett faced a sticky moment when he was confronted with an internal email declaring that the source for Gilligan's story had "first or second-hand knowledge of the 45-minute claim".
She suggests (2011: 273) that the knowledge norm may be appropriate for quantity, and appeals to examples of what she calls "isolated second-hand knowledge" to show that other parameters than quantity of justification are relevant.
Therefore, meetings are usually held with representatives from various groups, and the information educators receive in them is based on second-hand knowledge received through those representatives (Rodd, 2004).
In contrast, if a participant frequently shares second-hand knowledge and information in a certain virtual community, it will reduce his (or her) social cognition among all other community members.
Drawing on Moran (2005) and related works, anti-reductionists have emphasized that testimony is second-hand knowledge in the following way: a hearer can defer to the speaker when the hearer passes on the speaker's testimony to another, and the hearer challenges it.
We also know that all four of Steele's sources on the pee tape had only second-hand knowledge of it none of them had seen it themselves or spoken to the prostitutes allegedly involved.
Similar(52)
Without first-hand knowledge, it's impossible to say.
Chaudharyhas first-hand knowledge of life as a kamlari slave.
I have no first-hand knowledge of that".
"I had first hand knowledge of his generosity.
We realize the need for more first-hand knowledge.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com