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First, we see if the relationships among items indicated that the tiers represent distinct traits, or whether the first and second tier items are indistinguishable.
So, the item development framework for the LPDI's second tier items may be better tied to research on student thinking about optics.
This weighted scoring system would give a more accurate score for students' ability by accounting for the second tier items being harder.
Thus, on this two-tiered assessment, a correct answer on the first-tier item (content) did not predict performance on the second-tier item (reason).
It'd likely be a second-tier item, probably under the Acer brand.
If so, then we would expect the second-tier item to be more difficult than the first-tier item.
Yes, the right has succeeded in cutting and capping domestic discretionary spending (albeit at the expense of one of its coalition's longstanding priorities, defense spending), and bottling up the second-tier items on the Obama agenda.
This finding was also consistent across items of different types, which supports the interpretation that the ability needed to answer second-tier items is more advanced than the ability required to answer first-tier items.
Our findings for the CTSR do not show the same pattern of higher difficulty for second-tier items as the LPDI.
If item developers are expecting to use a weighting approach, then they must plan for this during the item creation stage, too and be sure not to intentionally create questions with much harder first-tier items.
While second-tier items with a glut of volume on the market (think Derek Jeter) aren't holding up under the volatile economy, the relatively rare stuff has a mostly recession-proof history.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com